Problem 1: 同音異義語 homophones空白に正しく収まる単語を選択してください
I couldn’t decide _______ to go to the beach or the mountains for my vacation.
A) weather
B) whether
C) wether
D) whither
Problem 2: Comma Usage
正しいコンマ配置の文を選択してください。
A) Despite studying hard, Jack failed the test.
B) Despite studying, hard Jack failed the test.
C) Despite, studying hard Jack failed the test.
D) Despite studying hard Jack, failed the test.
Problem 3: Active vs. Passive Voice
受動態の文を選択してください。
A) The chef cooked a delicious meal.
B) A delicious meal was cooked by the chef.
C) The chef is cooking a delicious meal.
D) The chef will cook a delicious meal.
Problem ４:前置詞 Prepositions
文を完成させるために正しい前置詞を選択してください:
He is allergic _______ cats.
A) to
B) for
C) with
D) at
Problem 5: 文の構造
正しい構造で文を特定してください。
A) Having finished his homework, the TV was turned on.
B) The TV was turned on, having finished his homework.
C) His homework was finished, he turned on the TV.
D) Having finished his homework, he turned on the TV
Problem 6: 仮定法
条件付き仮定法を正しく使用する文を選択します。
A) If I would have studied harder, I could have passed the exam.
B) If I had studied harder, I would pass the exam.
C) If I studied harder, I could have passed the exam.
D) If I had studied harder, I could have passed the exam.
Problem 7: あいまいな代名詞Ambiguous Pronouns
あいまいな代名詞の参照を避ける文を選択してください。
A) The boy told his friend that he passed the test.
B) The boy told his friend that he passed the test, and he was happy.
C) The boy told his friend, “I passed the test.”
D) The boy told his friend that he passed the test, which made him happy.
Problem 8: 関係詞
Select the sentence with the correct adjective clause:
A) The person who won the competition received a trophy.
B) The person won the competition received a trophy.
C) The person, he won the competition, received a trophy.
D) The person won the competition, and they received a trophy.
Problem9: 助動詞
適切な文を選択してください。
A) He must finish the project yesterday.
B) She should have been studying for the test now.
C) They could finish the assignment by tomorrow.
D) I will can help you with the task.
Problem10コンマの連続と長文の修正
コンマの連続や長文の間違いが含まれている文を特定してください。
A) I enjoy reading books; they help me relax.
B) The movie was long, but it kept me engaged throughout.
C) She is talented at singing, and she performed beautifully on stage.
D) The concert was fantastic, everyone had a great time.
1.A 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.D6.D 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.D
1.I _______ my homework before going to the party.
a) have finished
b) finished
c) will finish
d) am finishing
2.Jenny and _______ went to the movies last night.
a) she
b) they
c) we
d) her
3.I’m really excited about _______ new car.
a) my
b) mine
c) me
d) I
4.Yesterday, Sarah _______ a delicious cake for her sister’s birthday.
a) bake
b) baked
c) bakes
d) baking
5.The bookshelf is filled with various items: books, photographs, and _______.
a) cups
b) papers
c) plants
d) none of the above
6.The teacher asked us _______ the assignment by Friday.
a) finish
b) to finish
c) finished
d) finishing
7.The _______ book on the shelf belongs to my sister.
a) old interesting
b) interesting old
c) interested old
d) old interested
8.Each of the students must bring _______ own textbook to class.
a) his
b) her
c) their
d) its
9.Select the correct sentence that uses parallel structure:
a) She likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.
b) She likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle.
c) She likes hiking, swimming, and rides a bicycle.
d) She likes hiking, swim, and to ride a bicycle.
10.I wish I _______ more time to study for the exam.
a) have
b) had
c) will have
d) have had
11.He is one of the students _______ always arrives on time.
a) who
b) whom
c) which
d) whose
12.Identify the correct use of the adverb in the sentence:
She sings _______ in the choir.
a) beautiful
b) beautifully
c) beautifullier
d) beautifulest
13.Everyone should bring _______ own lunch to the picnic.
a) his
b) her
c) their
d) its
14.which sentence is grammatically correct?
a) The group of students is going on a field trip.
b) The group of students are going on a field trip.
c) The group of students going on a field trip.
d) The group of students were going on a field trip.
15.By the time we arrive, they _______ for over an hour.
a) will have waited
b) have been waiting
c) will be waiting
d) had waited
16.The professor’s lecture was _______ informative.
a) much
b) more
c) most
d) very
17.The _______ actor received a standing ovation for his performance.
a) talented
b) talentedly
c) talent
d) talentedness
18.Neither of the candidates has announced _______ position on the issue.
a) his
b) her
c) their
d) its
19.Choose the correct figurative language device used in the sentence:
Her smile was a ray of sunshine on a gloomy day.
a) metaphor
b) simile
c) hyperbole
d) personification
20.The _______ of his voice echoed through the auditorium.
a) powerfulness
b) powerment
c) powerhood
d) power
21.”Stop!” she exclaimed, “I _______ it!”
a) love
b) mean
c) heard
d) quit
22.Select the correct sentence that uses an idiom:
a) He had a piece of cake and ate it too.
b) He had a piece of cake and ate it fast.
c) He had a piece of cake and ate it silently.
d) He had a piece of cake and ate it yesterday.
1.(b)(c) 2.(b)(c)3.a)4.b)5.(c)6.b)7.b8.c9.b10.b11.a12.b13.c14.a15.a16.b17.a18c19.a20a.d21b22.a
Laws are an indispensable pillar of any civilized society, serving as the bedrock for maintaining order, justice, and protecting individual freedoms, creating a system that encompasses legislation, judiciary, and enforcement. They provide a framework that governs our interactions, resolves conflicts, and ensures the smooth functioning of societies. Laws also provide a sense of order and stability in society. （ ① ） establishing guidelines for behavior, laws discourage and penalize actions that would disrupt social harmony. They outline acceptable conduct, delineate rights and responsibilities, and facilitate predictability in human interactions.The concept of law can be traced back to the earliest human societies. As humans gathered into communities, they recognized the need for rules to govern behavior, prevent harm, and promote collective well-being. As time advanced, there was remarkable case fought for freedom of speech. Nothing else better represents it than the case of Socrates’s. Here is a simplified story of what happened to him in the ancient time.
Socrates was an influential philosopher in Athens who questioned conventional beliefs and challenged the authority of the city-state’s democratic government. He was accused of impiety (disrespecting the gods) and corrupting the youth of Athens through his philosophical teachings. During his trial, Socrates defended himself by engaging in philosophical dialogue with his accusers and the jury. （②） delivering a compelling defense, which emphasized the importance of seeking wisdom and the pursuit of truth, Socrates was found guilty by a narrow margin.
The jury sentenced Socrates to death by drinking a cup of poison hemlock. Socrates accepted the verdict and calmly carried out the execution, becoming a symbol of intellectual integrity and standing up for one’s beliefs. The trial of Socrates holds immense historical significance as it raises important questions about the role of philosophy, the limits of free speech, and the relationship（③） an individual and the state. It serves （④） a cautionary tale about the potential dangers of a democratic system suppressing intellectual dissent and the importance of critical thinking and open dialogue in society. The trial and execution of Socrates had a profound influence on subsequent Western philosophy, with his student Plato dedicating several dialogues to the events surrounding the trial. Socrates’ martyrdom and the subsequent reflection on his life and teachings shaped the development of philosophy and the understanding of justice for centuries to come.
（⑤）laws protecting freedom, there are laws in place that prohibit discrimination, division, and defamation. Recently there was a breaking news story that quickly spread throughout Japan about a tragic incident involving a TV star who took their own life. This individual identified as LGBTQ+ and was born male but identified as female. イThey faced numerous challenges throughout their life. They discovered their true identity during their school years and bravely confided in their mother, who unfortunately responded with hurtful words like, ‘I raised you wrongly.’ This deeply affected their mental state, and they began to accumulate sadness day after day. With the recent passage of a new LGBTQ protection law in the Diet, they received significant media attention but also experienced a surge of defamation. ロ(it place stronger combat had laws in to been defamation for), this individual might have been spared from such a tragic fate.
In conclusion, from Socrates’s, it is crucial to educate citizens about their rights and the laws that protect them. By fostering legal literacy, individuals can understand their rights, hold authorities accountable, and actively participate in shaping the legal system. Laws continuously evolve to adapt to societal changes and emerging challenges. Citizens can advocate for legal reforms, engage in peaceful protests, and participate in democratic processes to influence legislation. Active engagement with lawmakers and legal institutions can promote the enactment of laws that further protect freedom and liberty. A robust judicial system that upholds the rule of law is essential for ensuring freedom and liberty. An independent judiciary acts as a check on arbitrary exercises of power, protects individual rights, and ensures fair and impartial adjudication. Upholding the principles of due process and equal protection under the law enhances citizens’ trust in the legal system.
設 問
1.（①）（②）（③）（④）（⑤）に入る適切な語下の語群から選びなさい。
by, despite, between, as, in addition to, due to, thanks to,
2.下線部を和訳しなさい。
3.
イを表すものは何か？
ロを入れ替えなさい。
4.What is the best title for the passage?
a.Why are there increasing rate of crimes here and there?
b.Where did the law come from?
c.What is law? Why we need it? Foundation of society
d.Socrates. The Father of freedom of speech
選択問題
1.Laws serve as the foundation for maintaining order, justice, and protecting individual freedoms. What purpose do laws primarily serve?
a) To create conflict
b) To disrupt social harmony
c) To establish guidelines for behavior
d) To limit human interactions
2.During his trial, Socrates defended himself by engaging in philosophical dialogue with his accusers and the jury. What did his defense emphasize?
a) The importance of seeking wisdom and the pursuit of truth
b) The need for strict adherence to the democratic government
c) The dangers of questioning conventional beliefs
d) The benefits of corrupting the youth of Athens
3.Socrates was found guilty by the jury and sentenced to death by:
a) Hanging
b) Beheading
c) Poison hemlock
d) Firing squad
4.The trial of Socrates raises important questions about the role of philosophy, the limits of free speech, and the relationship between:
a) Philosophy and democracy
b) Philosophy and justice
c) Free speech and democracy
d) Free speech and justice
5.The trial and execution of Socrates had a profound influence on subsequent Western philosophy. Who dedicated several dialogues to the events surrounding the trial?
a) Aristotle
b) Plato
c) Socrates himself
d) Pythagoras
6.The recent breaking news story in Japan involved a tragic incident where a TV star, who identified as LGBTQ+, took their own life. What could have potentially saved them from such a fate?
a) Stricter defamation laws
b) Stricter laws prohibiting discrimination
c) Weaker protection laws for LGBTQ+ individuals
d) Weaker protection laws against defamation
7.By fostering legal literacy, individuals can understand their rights, hold authorities accountable, and actively participate in shaping the legal system. What can legal literacy help citizens achieve?
a) Limit their rights and freedoms
b) Ignore authorities and disrupt the legal system
c) Understand and protect their rights
d) Avoid participating in democratic processes
8.Citizens can advocate for legal reforms, engage in peaceful protests, and participate in democratic processes to influence legislation. What can active engagement with lawmakers and legal institutions promote?
a) The enactment of laws that limit freedom and liberty
b) The overthrow of the legal system
c) The enactment of laws that further protect freedom and liberty
d) The establishment of an authoritarian government
What is the role of an independent judiciary in upholding the rule of law?
a) To protect individual rights and ensure fair and impartial adjudication
b) To exercise arbitrary power and limit individual rights
c) To undermine the legal system and disrupt social harmony
d) To enact laws and legislation
10.Upholding the principles of due process and equal protection under the law enhances citizens’ trust in the legal system. What does a robust judicial system ensure?
a) Arbitrary exercises of power
b) Individual rights and fair adjudication
c) Limited access to justice
d) Unfair and biased decisions
annotation
*Legislation:
Legislation refers to the process of creating laws or statutes. It involves the formulation, enactment, amendment, and repeal of laws by a legislative body, such as a parliament or congress. The purpose of legislation is to establish rules and regulations that govern various aspects of society, including civil rights, criminal offenses, taxation, business practices, and more. In a democratic system, legislation is typically carried out by elected representatives who consider the needs and interests of the population when drafting and passing laws.
*Judiciary:
The judiciary is the branch of government responsible for interpreting and applying the law. It comprises a system of courts and judges who adjudicate legal disputes and ensure that laws are interpreted and applied fairly and consistently. The judiciary acts as a neutral arbiter, independent of the legislative and executive branches, and its role is to uphold the rule of law. Judges review the facts and evidence presented in cases, interpret the law, and deliver judgments or verdicts. They also play a crucial role in safeguarding individual rights, protecting the constitution, and resolving conflicts between individuals, organizations, or the state.
*Enforcement:
Enforcement refers to the implementation and execution of laws, regulations, and court decisions. It involves various law enforcement agencies, such as the police, regulatory bodies, and other authorized personnel, who ensure compliance with the law and maintain public order. Enforcement may include investigating and preventing crimes, apprehending offenders, conducting inspections, issuing fines or penalties for violations, and taking necessary actions to enforce court judgments. The enforcement process aims to deter unlawful behavior, protect public safety, and ensure that the decisions and rulings made by the judiciary are respected and followed.
1.The panel of experts will hold a discussion ( ) the implications of the new legislation.
a) during
b) in respect to
c) due to
d) concerning
2.She walked ( ) the bridge to reach the other side.
a) over
b) behind
c) with
d) near
3.The bookshelf is ( ) the wall in the living room.
a) against
b) towards
c) below
d) beside
4.The students were excited ( ) their upcoming field trip.
a) about
b) during
c) along
d) between
5.They sat ( ) the table and enjoyed a delicious meal together.
a) around
b) over
c) below
d) with
6.He apologized ( ) his behavior at the party.
a) within
b) against
c) for
d) by
7.The team worked hard ( ) the clock to meet the deadline.
a) against
b) above
c) along
d) behind
8.The concert was postponed ( ) bad weather conditions.
a) due to
b) across
c) along
d) among
9.The children played ( ) the park until it started to rain.
a) in
b) during
c) against
d) near
10.The package was delivered ( ) the wrong address.
a) within
b) to
c) below
d) without
11.She jumped ( ) joy when she heard the good news.
a) for
b) beside
c) with
d) over
12.The car drove ( ) the tunnel and emerged on the other side.
a) through
b) across
c) behind
d) along
13.The teacher divided the class ( ) two groups for the activity.
a) upon
b) against
c) without
d) into
14.The painting hung ( ) the wall in the art gallery.
a) on
b) towards
c) beneath
d) near
15.They walked ( ) the park, enjoying the beautiful scenery.
a) through
b) within
c) behind
d) alongside
16.The company is known ( ) its excellent customer service.
a) for
b) against
c) below
d) across
17.The hiker trekked ( ) the mountain to reach the summit.
a) up
b) towards
c) between
d) with
18.The dog hid ( ) the bed when it heard thunder outside.
a) under
b) above
c) against
d) during
19.She walked ( ) the park ( ) her way ( ) the office.
a) across, on, to
b) along, towards, into
c) over, along, for
d) between, via, until
20.The restaurant is ( ) the street ( ) the bookstore and ( ) the museum.
a) across, from, beside
b) between, near, towards
c) behind, over, within
d) alongside, through, by
21.The keys were hidden ( ) the vase ( ) the secret compartment ( ) the cabinet .
a) below, into, across
b) under, inside, above
c) beneath, beside, towards
d)beneath, in, within
22.He jumped ( ) the fence and ran ( ) the field ( ) the forest.
a) over, across, through
b) against, into, towards
c) upon, alongside, under
d) around, within, near
23.The car was parked ( ) the driveway ( ) the house and ( ) the garage.
a) within, beside, alongside
b) across, towards, into
c) in, by, below
d) between, near, behind
24.They traveled ( ) the mountains, ( ) the valleys, and ( ) the rivers.
a) over, through, along
b) across, alongside, over
c) within, towards, into
d) between, below, under
25.The path leads ( ) the bridge and ( ) the tunnel ( ) the city center.
a) beyond, along, beside
b) around, between, within
c) across, towards, to
d) onto, into, through
1.d) concerning
2.a) over
3.a) against
4.a) about
5.a) around
6.c) for
7.a) against
8.a) due to
9.a) in
10.b) to
11.a) for
12.a) through
13.d) into
14.a) on
15.a) through
16.a) for
17.a) up
18.a) under
19.a) across, on, to
20.a) across, from, beside
21.d)beneath, in, within
22.a) over, across, through
23.b) within, beside, alongside
24.a) over, through, along
25.c) across, towards, to
Problem 1.
She showed me the website _______ I could download the software.
a) when b) where c) why d) how
Problem 2.
I am not sure _______ he will arrive.
a) when
b) where
c) why
d) how
Problem 3.
近い意味になるものを選びなさい。
They will go on vacation regardless of the circumstances.
a) They will go on vacation no matter what the circumstances.
b) They will go on vacation wherever the circumstances.
c) They will go on vacation whenever the circumstances.
d) They will go on vacation why the circumstances.
Problem 4.
近い意味になるものを選びなさい。
We can solve the problem regardless of the method.
a) We can solve the problem no matter the method.
b) We can solve the problem wherever the method.
c) We can solve the problem whenever the method.
d) We can solve the problem why the method.
Problem 5.
We will go hiking _______ the weather permits.
a) when
b) where
c) if
d) how
Problem 6.
The house __________ we rented is spacious,” which relative pronoun would correctly complete the sentence?
a) who
b) which
c) that
d) where
Problem 7
She explained __________ the process should be done so that everyone in the lab wouldn’t make errors.
a) where b) when c) why d) how
Problem 8
She told me about the time __________ she won the competition,” which relative adverb would correctly complete the sentence?
a) where
b) when
c) why
d) how
Problem 9
They discussed __________ the event would take place.
a) where
b) when
c) why
d) how
不定詞は英語の文法において重要な役割を果たす概念です。不定詞は、基本的に「to + 動詞の原形」の形式をとります。
不定詞は、さまざまな文法構造で使われるため、英文を正確に理解するためには不可欠です。不定詞は副詞、名詞、形容詞としても機能します。
目的や意図を表現する（副詞）：不定詞は、行動の目的や意図を表現するために使用されます。例えば、「I went to the store to buy some groceries（私は食料品を買うために店に行った）」のように、不定詞を使用することで行動の目的が明確になります。
動詞の後に続く（名詞）：不定詞は、特定の動詞の後に続いて使用されることがあります。これらの動詞は、to不定詞との組み合わせで特定の意味を持ちます。例えば、「want to」「decide to」「try to」といった表現があります。
高度な文法構造への進展：不定詞を理解することで、より高度な文法構造や文の解析に進むための基礎を築くことができます。例えば、分詞構文や動名詞構文といった文法領域への理解を深めるためにも、不定詞の知識は重要です。
以下の文章の不定詞に注目して和訳しなさい。
1.The teacher assigned a difficult project to complete by next week.
2.She bought a comfortable chair to study in for long hours.
3.She is a book to cherish for a lifetime.
4.We encountered a delicious recipe to try for our next cooking experiment.
5.He has a project to complete before the deadline.
6.The topic was too controversial to discuss in class.
7.It’s important to take breaks and relax to maintain mental well-being.
8.She aims to participate in a leadership program to enhance her skills.
9.He is a person to admire for his perseverance and determination.
10.To succeed in science, conducting experiments is essential.
11.We found a park to have a picnic in.
12.They want a house to raise a family in.
a) Chased
b) Chasing
c) Chase
d) Chases
Problem 2:
________ by the stunning view, Sarah couldn’t help but take a deep breath.
a) Astonished
b) Astonishing
c) Astonishes
d) Astonish
Problem 3:
The ________ flowers filled the room with their sweet fragrance.
a) Bloomed
b) Blooming
c) Blooms
d) Bloom
Problem 4:
The ________ child jumped with joy when he received his birthday present.
Options:
a) Excited
b) Exciting
c) Excites
d) Excite
Problem 5:
The ________ cake was decorated with colorful icing and sprinkles.
a) Baked
b) Baking
c) Bakes
d) Bake
Problem 6:
________ by her performance, the audience gave her a standing ovation.
a) Impressed
b) Impressing
c) Impresses
d) Impress
Problem 7:
The ________ book kept me captivated until the very last page.
a) Written
b) Writing
c) Writes
d) Write
Problem 8:
The ________ athlete won the gold medal in the competition.
Options:
a) Determined
b) Determining
c) Determines
d) Determine
Problem 9:
________ with information, the students prepared for their upcoming exam.
a) Filled
b) Filling
c) Fills
d) Fill
答え
Problem1.
問題文を完成させるための正しい関係代名詞を選んでください。
正しい関係代名詞を選んで、次の文を完成させなさい。
The book _____ I borrowed from the library was very informative.
a) that
b) who
c) whom
d) whose
Problem2.
次の文の間違いを指摘してください。The teacher, whose his class is known for its high test scores, is highly respected.
a) The teacher
b) whose
c) his
d) is known for
Problem3.
正しい関係代名詞を選んで、次の文を完成させなさい。
She is a woman _____ dedication to her work is commendable.
a) whose
b) who
c) whom
d) which
Problem4.
次の文の間違いを指摘してください。
The car, that I bought last week, is already giving me trouble.
a) The car
b) that
c) I bought
d) is already giving
Problem5.
正しい関係代名詞を選んで、次の文を完成させなさい。
He finally found the person _____ he had been searching for.
a) who
b) whom
c) which
d) whose
Problem6.
次の文の間違いを指摘してください。
The dog, who its tail was wagging happily, ran towards its owner.
a) The dog
b) who
c) its tail
d) was wagging happily
Problem7.
正しい関係代名詞を選んで、次の文を完成させなさい。
This is the house _____ my grandparents lived when they were young.
a) that
b) in which
c) which
d) who
Problem8.
次の文の間違いを指摘してください。
The company hired a new CEO, which their stockholders were pleased with.
a) The company
b) were pleased with
c) which
d) no errors
Problem9.
正しい関係代名詞を選んで、次の文を完成させなさい。
I can’t find the keys _____ you gave me yesterday.
a) who
b) which
c) whom
d) whose
Problem10.
次の文の間違いを指摘してください。
The student, whom won the essay competition, received a scholarship.
a) The student
b) whom
c) won the essay competition
d) no errors
Problem11.
関係代名詞の用法を答えなさい。
John, whose father is a doctor, wants to become a physician.
a) 制限用法
b) 非制限用法
Problem12.
「マイクは級友に私を紹介したが、そのうちの一人が私に野球を教えてもらいたがっていた。」となるよう（）内を正しく入れ替えなさい。
Mike introduced me to his classmates, ( me / teach / one / wanted / of / whom / to ) him how to play baseball.
答え
1.a)
2.c)
3.a)
4.b)
5.b)
6.b) who → whose
7.b)
8.d)
9.b)
10.b) whom → who
11.b)
次の各分の（ ）から適語を選び記号を選びなさい。。